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Citrus Pulp

Citrus pulp, mostly available in a pelleted form, is derived from citrus fruits such as oranges, grapefruits, lemons etc. after such fruits have been processed for juice. Calcium (as limestone) or sodium hydroxide is usually added to assist the drying (and pelleting) process of citrus pulp. Once pelleted, citrus pulp exudes a characteristically citrus fruit aroma, making it highly appealing to animals.

Citrus Pulp is usually fed to ruminants in quantities as large as 5kg per day. It is not advisably fed to pigs or poultry due to limonin, a bitter substance occurring naturally in citrus fruit seeds, to which they are toxic. Seeds, peel and the inner tissue of processed citrus fruits are all used to form citrus pulp pellets.

Its good palatability and relatively high energy content make citrus a commendable feed for ruminants. The particular variety of Citrus Pulp traded by Straights Direct has a 90% orange constitution, and can be bought in bulk, bagged or blended form.

Citrus Pulp analysis on a dry matter basis:

Protein Oil Fibre Ash ME-R
(MJ/KG DM)		 Calcium Phos Mg Salt
6.3 2.1 13.5 6.1 12.6 1.6 0.2 0.2 0.1

Receive a quotation for Citrus Pulp.
sales@straightsdirect.com or alternatively, call Straights Direct on (UK) 0118 984 1800 for price information.
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Barley Distillers 

Barley Distillers Pellets are produced as a by-product of the processing of barley grain to produce malt whisky. It benefits from high  energy and protein. It compliments cereals and other low protein feeds, and has a high oil content 

Barley is first malted to convert starch into sugars, which are then fermented with yeast to produce the alcohol. The grain residue is then removed and the alcohol distilled from the liquid in Pot Stills, leaving Pot Ale behind.  The remaining barley is then mixed with the concentrated Pot Ale Syrup and dried to produce Barley Distillers’ Pellets.

Barley Distillers Pellets are a palatable alternative, which can be used to replace expensive concentrates as a good supply of both energy and protein for Dairy Cows and Beef Cattle.

Barley Distiller analysis on a dry matter basis:

Protein Oil Fibre Ash ME-R
(MJ/KG DM)
26 8.8 11.4 4 13

Receive a quotation for Citrus Pulp.
sales@straightsdirect.com or alternatively, call Straights Direct on (UK) 0118 984 1800 for price information.
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Biscuit Meal

Biscuit Meal, deriving from bakery waste meal, is a highly palatable feed with good energy levels. Its sugar/starch content exceeds 50%.

Biscuit Meal analysis:

Protein Oil Fibre Moisture Ash ME-R
(MJ/KG DM)
8 13 4 13 3.5 15.8

Receive a quotation for Biscuit Meal.
sales@straightsdirect.com or alternatively, call Straights Direct on (UK) 0118 984 1800 for price information.
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Fishmeal

There are two fundamental kinds of Fishmeal: Provimi 66 and pure white. Provimi 66 fishmeal is home produced. It is produced in the UK from by-products of fish processing for human consumption. Pure White Fishmeal, on the other hand, is fished specifically for animal consumption in South American (often Peruvian or Chilean) waters. Possibly the most salient nutritional difference when comparing these two fishmeals is that Provimi 66 is slightly richer in protein.

Fishmeal itself, regardless of type, is a high protein feed, resistant to protein degradability in the rumen and rich in the provision of natural amino acids (methionine, lysine, trypophane, threonine and arginine). Such amino acids breakdown slowly when digested, allowing the animal to make maximum use of them, unlike synthetic amino acids. The resistance to protein breakdown in the rumen ranks very favourably when compared to most other straight feeds. Fish such as Spanish pilchards, cod, herring and spratt are often the source of fishmeals.

UK production of fishmeal is approximately 45,000 tonnes per year, with supplementary imports of 280,000 tonnes, making the total UK fishmeal demand a sizeable 330,000 tonnes per annum. Total world production in recent years has averaged 6.4 million tonnes per year. The following table summarises how fishmeal is used:

UK World
Ruminants18%3%
Farmed Fish27%17%
Pigs18%20%
Poultry36%55%
Other1%1%

Pure White Fishmeal analysis on a dry matter basis:

Protein Oil Fibre Ash ME-R
(MJ/KG DM)		 Calcium Phos Mg Salt
72.2 10 0 18 13.4 4 3.6 0.17 3.3

Provimi 66 analysis on a dry matter basis:

Protein Oil Fibre Ash ME-R
(MJ/KG DM)		 Calcium Phos Mg Salt
73.3 8.9 0 17.8 13.4 5.5 3.8 0.17 3.3

Receive a quotation for Fishmeal.
sales@straightsdirect.com or alternatively, call Straights Direct on (UK) 0118 984 1800 for price information.

Fishmeal is the topic of this month's cover story in Straights Direct's Under the Microscope

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Full Fat Soya

Full Fat Soya usually constitutes a flaky or granular golden-brownish meal with a slightly oily touch. The raw soya beans from which Full Fat Soya is derived contain certain anti-nutritional factors such as haemagglutinins and a trypsin inhibitor. These, however, are inactivated by heat treatment (beneficial to pigs and poultry), a process which also reduces protein degradability in the rumen (beneficial to ruminants) with little or no adverse effect on digestibility. Heat treatments such as micronisation and extrusion are most commonly adhered to.

The fact that Full Fat Soya is processed from whole soya beans (i.e. no extraction of oil takes place) means they retain a very high level of oil. Full Fat Soya is consequently not prone to dustiness, and can even counter dustiness in other feed ingredients. Furthermore, this high level of oil enables it to pass through the rumen without harming fibre digestion. All in all, Full Fat Soya represents a good source of additional protein and energy.

Full Fat Soya analysis on a dry matter basis:

Protein Oil Fibre Ash ME-R
(MJ/KG DM)		 Calcium Phos Mg Salt
41 20 7 6 15.5 0.28 0.6 0.23 0.6

Receive a quotation for Full Fat Soya.
sales@straightsdirect.com or alternatively, call Straights Direct on (UK) 0118 984 1800 for price information.
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Grass

Dried Grass feed is produced from the drying and pelleting of grass in such a way as preserves the sugar and beta-carotene content of the fresh crop. This is important, since beta-carotene has been shown to exercise a beneficial effect on fertility. Controlled heat treatment in the drying process reduces protein degradability in the rumen with no detrimental effect on digestibility - a positive for lactation.

Dried Grass can be used beneficially in all kinds of dairy rations. High levels of soluble carbohydrate and digestible fibre are conducive to stable rumen conditions which encourage forage intake and promote efficient food utilisation. Fibre levels in Dried Grass range from 18-30%, of which 75-80% is digestible. Finally, Dried Grass is a good source of minerals and vitamins. Its natural inclusion of beta-carotene (mentioned above) usually amounts to 250/600 mg/kg.

Grass analysis on a dry matter basis:

Protein Oil Fibre Ash ME-R
(MJ/KG DM)		 Calcium Phos Mg Salt
17.8 4.5 20 10 10.5 8.0 3.5 0.16 0.7

Receive a quotation for Grass.
sales@straightsdirect.com or alternatively, call Straights Direct on (UK) 0118 984 1800 for price information.
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Maize Distillers

Maize Distillers are a pelleted, golden to dark brown coloured product, rich in both protein and energy. They are a result of grain distillation, a process which involves a conversion of the cereal's starch to sugar. The starch content of maize distillers, then, is massively lower than in maize cereal. A slight degree of mealiness to the product is not uncommon, given the handling and transportation of its importation from the United States.

Maize Distillers analysis on a dry matter basis:

Protein Oil Fibre Ash ME-R
(MJ/KG DM)		 Calcium Phos Mg Salt
29 8 9.5 4 14.5 0.15 0.9 0.25 0.3

Receive a quotation for Maize Distillers.
sales@straightsdirect.com or alternatively, call Straights Direct on (UK) 0118 984 1800 for price information.
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Maize Gluten

The majority of Maize Gluten demand is satisfied by imports from the United States. There are, however, several UK processing plants that produce it too (Tilbury and Manchester, for example), using imported maize. Available as both meal and pellets, maize gluten is often found to be varying in colour from pale, golden brown to a richer, darker hue of brown. Heat treatment during production renders the protein, often 200 to 230 g/kg in gluten feed, relatively undegradeable. Maize Gluten feed is available all year round, but is mostly sold during Winter months. Its reputation as an excellent feed for dairy cows is well known. Indeed, one of its most tangible effects is to boost lactation.

Maize Gluten analysis on a dry matter basis:

Protein Oil Fibre Ash ME-R
(MJ/KG DM)		 Calcium Phos Mg Salt
23 6 8.7 6 12.9 0.35 0.4 0.25 0.9

Receive a quotation for Maize Gluten.
sales@straightsdirect.com or alternatively, call Straights Direct on (UK) 0118 984 1800 for price information.
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Malt Residuals

Malt Residuals are a by-product of the malting of barley grains. Prior to malting, the barley grains are thoroughly screened so that husk and fibrous debris can be excluded before germination begins. Malt Residuals derive from this screening process, and are usually pelleted to improve their storage and handling. The resultant pellet is hard and fairly dense.

Malt Residual pellets are particularly suited to the nutritional needs of ruminants. The relatively high overall nutritional value and good overall physical properties of malt residual pellets lend them to intensive beef production. However, their energy level is somewhat below that of cereal grain and it is advisable, therefore, that they be mixed with cereal grains or other high energy feeds to make full use of their protein content.

Malt Residuals analysis on a dry matter basis:

Protein Oil Fibre Ash ME-R
(MJ/KG DM)		 Calcium Phos Mg Salt
22 2.2 13.5 6.5 11.5 0.22 0.6 0.2 0.3

Receive a quotation for Malt Residuals.
sales@straightsdirect.com or alternatively, call Straights Direct on (UK) 0118 984 1800 for price information.
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Palm Kernel

Palm Kernel meal is derived from the African Oil Palm, grown largely in Asia and West Africa. It has a characteristically mild and soapy aroma, is usually light brown in colour, and has a dry, gritty consistency.

The oil content of Palm Kernel means it has a beneficial effect on butter fat, and is overall a good source of energy and protein for ruminants. By itself, palm kernel is not particularly palatable, but in mixes or sweetened with molasses, becomes readily acceptable. Palm Kernel traded by Straights Direct is most likely to be of Indo-Malay origin.

Palm Kernel analysis on a dry matter basis:

Protein Oil Fibre Ash ME-R
(MJ/KG DM)		 Calcium Phos Mg Salt
17.8 9 13.9 4.5 11.8 0.6 0.45 0.2 0.2

Receive a quotation for Palm Kernel.
sales@straightsdirect.com or alternatively, call Straights Direct on (UK) 0118 984 1800 for price information.
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Rapeseed Meal

Rapeseed Meal is derived from the oilseed rape plant and constitutes a black and yellowish meal which is slightly oily to the touch. In the past, Rapeseed Meal was fed in quantities ranging from 5% to 12%. Excessive amounts were thought to be a cause of iodine deficiency symptoms and enlarged thyroid glands. Since 1991, however, new varieties of seed yielding lower levels of glucosinulates have been selectively developed to surmount this problem.

Fed alone, Rapeseed Meal is unpalatable. Its reputation as a cost-effective and practical alternative to Soya is deserved, provided compensation is made for its naturally lower energy and protein levels. Rapeseed Meal is available all year round, but it's price is lowest during the August/September period.

Rapeseed Meal analysis on a dry matter basis:

Protein Oil Fibre Ash ME-R
(MJ/KG DM)		 Calcium Phos Mg Salt
34.3 5.1 12 6.6 11.8 0.9 1.2 0.25 0.15

Receive a quotation for Rapeseed Meal.
sales@straightsdirect.com or alternatively, call Straights Direct on (UK) 0118 984 1800 for price information.
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Hi Pro Soya

Hi Pro Soya, generically known as Soya Bean Meal, is a pale, brownish feed which is occasionally pelleted, but predominantly is available as a gritty meal. It comprises the residues of soya beans once they have been rid of oil by extraction or expelling. The naturally occurring trypsin inhibitor is deactivated by controlled heat treatment, the biggest advantage of which reduces protein degradability in the rumen.

Hi Pro Soya provides a rich source of protein. Indeed, soya bean meal is the most widely used supplementary source of protein worldwide. While suitable for all livestock, Hi Pro Soya is favoured in pig rations.

Hi Pro Soya analysis on a dry matter basis:

Protein Oil Fibre Ash ME-R
(MJ/KG DM)		 Calcium Phos Mg Salt
53.4 3.3 3.5 6.8 13.7 0.32 0.75 0.3 0.05

Receive a quotation for Hi Pro Soya.
sales@straightsdirect.com or alternatively, call Straights Direct on (UK) 0118 984 1800 for price information.
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Brazilian Soya

Brazilian Soya is a cheaper, usually pelleted, alternative to Hi Pro meal (see above) which has grown in popularity in recent times.

Brazilian Soya analysis on a dry matter basis:

Protein Oil Fibre Ash ME-R
(MJ/KG DM)		 Calcium Phos Mg Salt
48.6 2.8 6.7 6.9 13.4 0.45 0.73 0.31 0.05

Receive a quotation for Brazilian Soya.
sales@straightsdirect.com or alternatively, call Straights Direct on (UK) 0118 984 1800 for price information.
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Soya Hulls

Soya Hulls have always been popular with some, but this year have made a major comeback as they are being widly used instead of Sugar Beet Pellets. Soya Hulls are a by-product of Soya, obtained by the dehulling of the beans. A good source of digestable fibre, with average protein and reasonable energy levels.

Soya Hulls analysis on a dry matter basis:

Protein Oil Fibre Ash ME-R
(MJ/KG DM)		 Calcium Phos Mg Salt
10.5 2.16 31.5 4.5 11.9 0.45 0.1 0.23 0.05

Receive a quotation for Soya Hulls.
sales@straightsdirect.com or alternatively, call Straights Direct on (UK) 0118 984 1800 for price information.
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Sugarbeet

Sugarbeet pulp is a highly palatable feed with good energy levels. It originates from sugar cane, and in essence constitutes the residues of ripe sugar cane once it has been processed for the extraction of juice. Another by-product from the processing of raw sugar cane is cane molasses, a dark brown viscous liquid. This is usually mixed with the Sugarbeet pulp (to form Molassed Sugarbeet) when it is dried and pressed and distributed as shreds or pellets. Sugarbeet which has not been mixed with molasses is Unmolassed Sugarbeet.

The fibrous residues of Sugarbeet comprise mainly cellulose, which is highly digestible. Thus when fed with an appropriate supplement of degradable protein, Sugarbeet is an exceptionally suitable feed for ruminants, helping to promote optimum rumen conditions and boosting milk production. The availability of Sugarbeet is usually restricted to the October-February period, following the harvest of its original crop.

Sugarbeet analysis on a dry matter basis:

Protein Oil Fibre Ash ME-R
(MJ/KG DM)		 Calcium Phos Mg Salt
10.5 0.34 12.8 7.9 12.4 1.1 0.6 0.13 0.95

Receive a quotation for Sugarbeet.
sales@straightsdirect.com or alternatively, call Straights Direct on (UK) 0118 984 1800 for price information.
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Wheatfeed

Wheatfeed is a general term applied to the mixture of wheat offal arising from modern flour mills. It is subject to relatively high degrees of variance in terms of pellet size and consistency, depending on its source. Generally, it is a mealy, fibrous material containing unseparated bran and various other starchy fractions arising from the later stages of the milling process.

Although favoured in pig and poultry rations, Wheatfeed is suitable to all livestock. It offers a good source of fibre and while the digestible crude protein level is high, it tends to be rapidly degraded in the rumen. This last characteristic of Wheatfeed makes it less popular among ruminants.

Wheatfeed analysis on a dry matter basis:

Protein Oil Fibre Ash ME-R
(MJ/KG DM)		 Calcium Phos Mg Salt
17 5 7.9 5 10.5 0.1 0.9 0.35 0.1

Receive a quotation for Wheatfeed.
sales@straightsdirect.com or alternatively, call Straights Direct on (UK) 0118 984 1800 for price information.
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Whole Cotton

Whole Cottonseed (undelinted) derives from the cotton plant which is grown most intensively in Spain, Greece, North America and North Africa. The variety of Whole Cotton available from Straights Direct is usually of a Greek or Spanish origin. Regional variation, however, is usually negligible. Whole Cottonseed offers a good source of protected fat, and in practice represents a superb dairy feed particularly suited to high yielding cattle.

The bulk density of Whole Cottonseed is fairly low, so full loads delivered to United Kingdom destinations tend to average 20 - 22 tonnes instead of 25 tonnes.

Whole Cotton analysis on a dry matter basis:

Protein Oil Fibre Ash ME-R
(MJ/KG DM)		 Calcium Phos Mg Salt
23 20 24 5 15.5

Receive a quotation for Whole Cotton.
sales@straightsdirect.com or alternatively, call Straights Direct on (UK) 0118 984 1800 for price information.
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